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Sizing the Genetic Information in Human Body

Take out any one cell of human body. Then take out all the DNAs. List out the complete sequence of nucleic acid bases on either strand. This sequence would have well over 3.2 billion characters. The sequence would comprise of 4 letters: A, T, C & G and would look like something like this:

AATCTCAGGTCAAA.......

If we type this sequence on Microsoft Word using font size of '11' and font 'Calibari' with default margin setting as shown in the image below, it turns out that 1 page of this file would contain 3,192 characters.



So how many pages would we need to print out the entire sequence? It turns out that we need around 1 million pages just to print out this sequence! But hey, I didn't even talk about the size of cell or nucleus or chromosomes. So let's have a rough idea about that too. The average diameter of cell nucleus which contains all the chromosomes is just about .001 mm and chromosomes use merely a small fraction of nucleus volume. DNA strands are so tightly packed that if we put all the stretched chromosomes end to end, the entire length would be approximately 1 meter!

Human body have around 100 trillion cells, that is 10^14 cells. For the sake of simplicity, let us assume that all these cells have chromosomes inside their nucleus. Now work out this calculation. Genetic information, in the form of sequence of bases of one strand of DNA contained by a single cell needs 1 million pages to be printed, how many pages do we need to print 'all' the genetic information possessed by our body? I know you are having an anticipatory idea. Let us put it in another perspective. Suppose you bind 1 million pages to form a book, this book would have 5,00,000 (with both side printing) pages. That means we would have 50 trillion of such books once we are done with this printing. That is the kind of number we don't encounter in our lives. Though all these trillions of cells have exactly the same genetic information. It is just like every christian has his own copy of Bible.

How about the memory size these 'e-books' would consume on your computer? The file shown above is 16 KB file. That means we need 16 (file size of 1 page in KB) * 10^6 (total page for one cell) *10^14 (total cells)  KB= 1.6*10^25 KB. That means we would need approximately 1.5*10^19 GB memory.  

Or let us just talk about only a cell. The genetic information, if typed as shown above, would need a MS Word file whose size would be approximately 15 GB! Nature didn't plan on such incredible feats. You'll be able to appreciate these once you understand that all these kind of things 'just happened.'

Related link : Read here.



More Resources for Science and Education (Frequently Updated)



More than a year ago, I wrote a blog compiling lots of links to educational resources, especially mathematics. You may and should check it in case you have missed it. (My calculations show you have probably missed it.) Since then, I have encountered some more interesting websites. The topics these websites cover range from history to science. I have listed them in no particular order.


  •  Coursera - This is a terrific website. The most prominent feature of this website is that it offers well structured courses from the faculties of best universities. This is sort of online university where you take courses, participate in online tests and for a small fee, you even a get a certificate. The range of courses is quite wide.  My personal favorite.
  • OpenStax College - An initiative of Rice University, OpenStax College is a not for profit organization whose goal is "to provide free textbooks to students." This is a serious initiative and has been supported by many noted philanthropist such as Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. 
  • Faculti - Video talks by intellectual giants such as Noam Chomsky, Steven Pinker, Thomas Piketty and many more. Terrific. 
  • Open Culture - Very good site. Provide good resources/articles for just about any topic. 
  •  edX  - Online courses from various universities.

  • Intro Learn - Comprehensive resources from across the web
  •  
  • MinuteLabs.io - Cool science shown through multiple media.
  • Biology and Related  - At one point, I got deeply interested in biology and genetics in particular which made me scour through Internet and I found some very interesting resources. My personal favorite is Kimball's Biology Pages. Though I am still a novice in Biology, but I found this website to be the most elaborate. Some more listed below: -
National Science Foundation 
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Not limited to Biology only.)

(Note that all of these are official US websites for their respective areas. This list isn't exhaustive and I have possibly missed out some websites. )

Tree of Life Web Project - The Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world. On more than 10,000 World Wide Web pages, the project provides information about biodiversity, the characteristics of different groups of organisms, and their evolutionary history. (Directly quoted from the website.)
Basic Biology 
Encyclopedia of Life -   A comprehensive and exhaustive source of all the life-forms known to us so far. Highly recommended.
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences 
National Center for Science Education - Evolution and Climate Science
Genome Research - Peer reviewed papers concerning Genome Research. 
The Biology Project - A University of Arizona initiative.
Understanding Evolution - Resource for Evolution from University of California, Berkeley
PLOS Genetics - Research papers related to genetics
Personal Genome Project 
Personal Genetics Education Project 
23andMe - Genetic kit for ancestry  
GeneWarrior
Wildfinder - Find out where more than 25000 species live on earth. 
Google - :)


  • History and Related
Internet Archive - Video. Audio. Music. Texts. Images. It is mother of all archives. 
Circaa - Chronologies of life, universe and everything. 
Gandhi Heritage Portal -  All about Mahatma Gandhi.
The British Library -For research buffs.
Big History Project - History of 13.8 billion years old universe.
University of California Press - Great collections of History e-books.
Marxists Internet Archive -  The name says it all.
The Roman Empire
Hellenism.net - A guide to Greece and Greek culture.
History of Art - Website is good but with irritating advertisements. 
Society for Renaissance Studies -
History of India
International World History Project
Folklore - A good resource by insiders for history around Apple company.
Computer History Museum
The Evolution of the Web
Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
History Animated
Photogrammer - A Yale University initiative. Collection of photograph from Depression Era. 
Familyletters - This site is about letters written by 5 brothers who served in WW1 to their mother.
Logopedia - History of Logos. 
Popular Electronics Magazine - You can find every issue of Popular Electronics here. The site also offers stuffs related to radio and TV history in USA. 
Popular Science Magazine -  Every issue of Popular Science
Google - :)

Here is this interesting BuzzFeed post which offers some resources for history buffs to contribute. Apart from this, you may follow William Dalrymple (@DalrympleWill) on Twitter. 
  • Software/Computer Engineering Related -
Project Euler - For challenging mathematical/programming related problems 
Google Code Jam - From Google itself.
Open.Michigan
HTML Dog - HTML, CSS, Javascripts
Introduction to Computer Science - Harvard Course 
ROSALIND - Bioinformatics and Programming 
Biopython -  Bioinformatics and Programming
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
CodeSkulptor - For running Python programs in web browser.
DOC Group
freenode
Thenewboston.org   
Learn Code the Hard Way
RubyMonk 
CodingBat  
OpenGL
OpenGL Tutorials
Algorithm Zone
CSS3 - Lots of CSS modules. 
Simple CPU
BuiltWith - Find out what websites built with/running on. 
 Google - :)

  • Scientists 
Digital Einstein Papers Home - The Collected Papers by Albert Einstein  by Princeton University
Forvo -  All the words in the world. Pronounced.
European word translator - Translate English word in European languages.
Green Honey - Language and colors: Chinese vs English. (I also like the website design.)
Common Errors in English Usage 

  • Human Rights
Movements - See how you can contribute to Human Rights problems.

  • Music
Instinct - Learn Guitar
  • Assorted
First Website -  Well, it all started here. Very first website.
User Modeling Demonstration - Well, this is some serious effort from IBM's  research arm. Let me directly quote from site - "The Watson User Modeling service uses linguistic analytics to extract a spectrum of cognitive and social characteristics from the text data that a person generates through text messages, tweets, posts, and more."

What is Missing? - Mapping of conservation efforts vs loss of species across the globe. Something serious. 
The Internet in Real Time - Interesting. For example see the progress of tweets on Twitter.
HoneyMap - Watch cyber-attacks around the world in real times. 
Submarine Cable Map
Work With Sounds  - Archive of endangered sounds! 
How Many People in Space Right Now? - No of peoples, with their names and duration of stay.
NASA HDEV - Real-time view of our earth from space.
Every Active Satellite Orbiting the Earth - Interactive graphic showing every active satellite orbiting our planet.
Would I Survive Nuclear Attack - Well, that is awkward question, but still...
Scale of the Universe 
Rubik Solve - Tell the color positions and you are less than 20 steps from solving it.   
ASCIIConvert - Convert your image in text image of ASCII characters.
100 Years of Rock Visualized - From Gospel to Grunge. And more.
Rdvouz - Share rides. From anywhere to everywhere.
Emergency and Disaster Information Service - Real time details with map.
What Color is it? - Show time and hex color corresponding to current time. 
Minor Planet Center - This links list all the asteroids which will have close encounter till 2178 with earth.
100,000 Stars - Explore the universe.
Literature -Map - You type in an author's name. You get result suggesting name of other similar authors.
Spectrum - Search images by color.

Recently I came across this REDDIT link which has many links to websites offering interactive programming features. Though I haven't checked those links, you may check them any way. You may also check this REDDIT link for gaming related software development. Similarly, University of Reddit offers 'courses' for topics such as film-making and other such creative stuffs. In fact, for those who like to keep digging and exploring, Reddit is a goldmine where finding gems is all par for the course. Even if you want to waste time, prefer Reddit over Facebook, you'll still be an idiot, but in superior ways and in a sophisticated sense.
  • Other
Sporcle - Trivia and quizzes.  
mental_floss - Random facts.
Snopes.com - All about rumors.
P.S. - In case you are going through this compilation and wishing for more subject-specific compilation, drop a comment. I'll be happy to help. In any case, I'll keep updating this compilation. Seriously. Once again, as I mentioned in the beginning of this blog, I had already compiled a list of websites in my earlier blog. Some terrific sites such as Khan Academy and MIT OCW have already been mentioned in earlier blog. Still, if you come to know about some terrific resources, let me know so that I may update the compilation. 
 If you liked this, drop a comment and share this post. If you didn't, drop a comment anyway.
Cheers!




 

NASA and Sanskrit as Best Programming Language

 
Before I write anything else, check the snapshot of a tweet which got retweeted by Subramanian Swamy. What should one make of this? Obviously, it is an attempt to glorify Sanskrit. It purported to claim that NASA once undertook an 18 years long study and come up with the conclusion in 1967 that Sanskrit is the most computer friendly language.

This is not something I heard for the first time. The first time I heard something like this was some 15 years ago and every now and then I encounter this 'information'. Earlier, I believed this in its entirety and was kind of proud of this. Back then, there was no way to verify this and was too patriotic and proud to question it. If you search Google with 'NASA Sanskrit programming', most of first page results are from Indian websites. NASA website figures in only second page and doesn't contain the term 'Sanskrit. Oh, here is a small blog from Pakistan. You should check this. I don't know how this guy managed to get these information.

So what is the truth? Is this a lie which was repeated so often that it is now assumed to be true? Or a distorted and misconstrued truth? 

That depends on how you chose to interpret it. In any case, the answer is in this link. This link is from the website Artificial Intelligence Magazine and contains the downloadable PDF file of 8 page essay by Rick Briggs. Somehow, at the time of writing this, I couldn't find any information on Rick Briggs himself, though I stumbled upon one Rick Briggs who is a painter. The essay informs reader that Briggs is associated with RIACS (Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science), NASA. This is the only piece of writing I have found which deals with Sanskrit as a programming language and has any 'connection' with NASA.

Now, let us clear some things. First, as the shown tweet shows, it took NASA 18 years to find out this. If you read carefully the first paragraph of said paper, Briggs here talked about 20 years of efforts in understanding and developing an unambiguous natural language which is also suited for programming. Note that he wasn't talking about Sanskrit per se. He was talking about research as a whole. Of course, he was very appreciative of this language and went on to show how Sanskrit is the best candidate for programming language. In fact, in last parts of said paper, he was appreciative of many other Indian contributions as well.  So NASA, or for that matter anybody else, didn't really invest 20 years in studying Sanskrit as a programming language. Secondly, this wasn't NASA paper.This was Briggs' paper. And yes, RIACS was established in 1983 and the said paper appeared in AI Magazine in 1985, not in 1967 as shown in the tweet. This was the only instance when Sanskrit as a programming language was discussed. Or at least I think so.

Now look at this issue from a wider perspective. As I said above, almost all the links Google search returns are from Indian websites. In fact, none of these website is academic in nature. Most of them cited this story in self-congratulatory fashion. See this blog, for example. In fact, no other scholarly commentary is available on this essay.* It is amazing that an essay (as against to a detailed thesis) which is largely obscure and forgotten by global scientific standards, is so much celebrated here in India. In many discussions, I was told that this was western conspiracy to destroy Sanskrit and that is why no development in this field was ever happened! Club this whole saga with that of Ram-Sethu, where people claimed that even 'NASA admitted that Ram Sethu was men-made'. Obviously, NASA never made any such claim.

The desperation to revive the Indian culture is at all time high and is being fueled with exaggeration and lies and a NASA stamp will be an icing on the cake. We, as a nation, have failed miserably in science and education in global perspective and we blame everyone but ourselves for this misery. We blame British rule. We blame Mughal rule. We blame Marxists. We blame global conspiracy to destroy everything that is Indian. Our present sucks so much that we tend to find solace in our past. And instead of inventing future, we are re-inventing past. In doing so, we tend to forget modern Indian achievements such as AKS Primality Test. World has moved on to achieve tremendous scientific feats and we are still celebrating the invention of zero. Such is the sorry state of jingoist affairs in India.

*Some sources also cited Forbes issue of July, 1987. I couldn't find this at the time of writing. 







Is anybody out there?

Is there anybody out there? Maybe. Maybe not. Though there are more reason to believe that we aren't alone, nobody yet contacted us. Scientists are trying to contact them. Apart from UFOs stories we kept hearing and which scientists kept rejecting, something happened in 1977 which scientists are still baffled about. Amidst the persistent noises of this vast universe, scientists were able to hear a 'song' which lasted some 72seconds. The 'song' was too good to be an accident. Much to the disappointment of scientists, the song was never to be heard again. 37 years have passed since then but those 72 seconds never came again. Check this link for wonderful presentation by Brian Cox. In case, the song we listened to was some kind of accident, we, too, have sent our own messages to contact aliens. The earliest message was put on Pioneer 10 spacecraft in the form of a plaque. (See image below.)
                   Also see: Arecibo Mesasge                     

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Religion hates science and still needs it. - Part 1

(I have written it almost entirely in the context of modern Hinduism.)

It all started with Smriti Irani when she was made HRD minister by Narendra Modi. Modi's agenda (or lack of it) vis a vis education was instantly clear with this anointment. Until this point, I vehemently rejected the idea that dangerous Hindu Fundamentalism was on the rise but subconsciously, I had been disturbed for a long time. Then Irani was made HRD minister. As things are turning out now, Modi indeed has an agenda for education. And for this agenda to fructify, he had to chose a person who lacks futuristic vision, taste for science education and academic qualifications. Or may be Human Resource Development ministry wasn't such an important department. May be he thought he would pull the strings behind the curtain while making Irani a puppet minister. When faced with questions about her credentials, she claimed she had a degree from prestigious Yale University,  though she merely participated in a program for which she got a certificate. In fact, one of the first statement Irani gave was about incorporating ancient texts in education. 

Curious Case of Cancer


The Immortal Cells: A True Story - In 1951, a black lady named Henrietta Lacks was admitted to John Hopkins Hospital. At the time of admission, she was pregnant but after delivering a child, she was diagnosed for cancer as doctors found tumor in her cervix. Doctors took a sample of that cancerous tumor without Henrietta Lacks' permission. The code-named this sample as HeLa. Later, doctors realized that this wasn't some ordinary sample. Unlike other samples where cells would die after some days, the cells of HeLa sample were alive and multiplying. Later cells of this sample were used for polio vaccine testing. To meet the growing demand for these cells to be used in various research, they were put on mass production. 

To this day, HeLa cells are used in uncountable researches all over the world and are produced on mass scale. Development of many vaccines, many research results are based on the work conducted on HeLa cells. Henrietta Lacks died in 1951 because of this continuously growing cancerous tumor but this tumor is still alive and growing to this day. These cells are immortals and serving the mankind by saving many lives.  

                                                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NORMALLY we have this idea about cancer that it involves some kind of tumor which just doesn't stop growing. Well, this idea is somewhat vague but it does give initial idea. For example, leukemia is a type of cancer which doesn't involve any tumor and it affects bone marrow and blood. Uncontrolled cell proliferation is better definition of cancer. Again, leukemia is uncontrolled cell proliferation of white blood cells. One more word about tumors, though tumors are considered as symptoms for cancer, not all tumors are cancerous. As against to cancerous tumors, there are tumors which are benign in nature. They don't grow indefinitely and don't affect other cells. Very often, they can be removed. 

Of Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and Apple



I heard a lot of times about The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy though I was confused whether it was a movie or some book or some TV show. Later I came to know that it is everything.  Book.  Movie.  Radio series. I haven’t read the book. I haven’t listened to Radio series. I watched the movie which, I admit, was not that good. It didn’t live up to the hype I myself created in my mind and reviews I have read about movie weren’t kind either. And now I have watched this movie, I kind of lost interest in the book. I mean, if I read the book, the movie would surely be on my mind and I might not be able to appreciate the book especially when I didn’t like the movie that much. Am I right?

Out of curiosity, I search the Internet for movie and realized Douglas Adams is the writer of this book. He also wrote the screenplay for the movie based on his book. But somehow his name ringed a bell. I realized I’ve read this name in some other book but couldn’t remember which book. Some days back, I checked the Wikipedia page on Douglas Adams and realized I read his name in the book God Delusion written by Richard Dawkins. Dawkins referred Adams as his ‘only convert’.  Dawkins is possibly the most noted leader of Atheism movement. 

An Achievement India Never Celebrated.


Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, Nitin Saxena.

These are the names associated with an achievement India never celebrated. This achievement happened in 2002. In a country obsessed with Cricket and Bollywood (or all things foolish), this stupendous and enormously important achievement didn't matter and went into quick oblivion, though I doubt if it ever came into limelight. The achievement in question is AKS Primality Test (Agrawal-Kayal-Sexena Primality Test). This is named after three minds behind this achievement. If you try to search 'AKS Primality Test' on Google, the first two pages of results doesn't contain any 'indian' link. Ok, only one result and that too from their alma mater Indian Institute Technology website, Kanpur. At the time they published their results, Manindra was professor of Computer Science at IIT Kanpur, while Neeraj and Nitin were his doctoral students.

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Random Miscellany #1 - Pi

Sometime back, I noticed a widely circulated meme on Pi on Internet: That meme reads: -

"PI IS AN INFINITE, NON-REPEATING DECIMAL - MEANING THAT EVERY POSSIBLE NUMBER COMBINATION EXISTS SOMEWHERE IN PI. CONVERTED INTO ASCII TEXT, SOMEWHERE IN THAT INFINITE STRING OF DIGITS IS THE NAME OF EVERY PERSON YOU WILL EVER LOVE, THE DATE, TIME AND THE MANNER OF YOUR DEATH, AND THE ANSWER TO ALL THE GREAT QUESTIONS OF UNIVERSE."

I found this rather intriguing and it made me curious enough to note it down. Of course, Pi is an infinite and non repeating decimal. As on 2011, the value of Pi has been calculated to, hold your breath, up to 10 trillion digits (that is 10,000,000,000,050 digits). Do check here for detailed account of this endeavor.  Ten trillion digits because, well, it took one year, some restarts, numerous hardware failures. The thing is, Pi will always have a last laugh over our computational capabilities.

As such, this meme, however interesting and sensational, is useless. If you really think about it, you will know this exercise is futile and meaningless. But story of Pi, on the other hand, is enormously deep and mysteriously beautiful.

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No, You Don't Know You.


You really don't know yourself. Do you?

And do you care? No, you don't care. You are too smug. Or, may be, too afraid.

The world too big. Possibilities endless. Potential unharnessed. Dream still dreams. But you still wouldn't care.

You wake up in the morning. You go about your life. You fall asleep in the night. Dead. One more day wasted. One more crime committed.

You created a small world of yours. No, you didn't create it. You shrank your own world. You receded into a corner.

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Why Neo-Atheists are Hated?



The premise of atheism is very simple. It simply rejects the belief in any god for want of evidences. This is quite innocuous, valid and exceedingly harmless proposition. This blog is about Neo-atheists’ behaviour and is based on the experiences from Twitter, Facebook and other online forums. Having said that, let me admit, the blog is not necessarily about entire atheist population. Further, this blog is not about atheism per se. In case you think I am some kind of religious zealot, let me assure I am not. The kind of atrocities done in the name of religions, I don’t even want to think about them as they are so disgusting. So one might ask why I am writing only against atheists. The reason is they are supposed to be rational, sensible, true humanist but somehow they have kind of lost the focus on things which made them atheists in the first place. Of course, at many occasions, even a relatively decent atheist when faced with the barrage of nonsensical attacks from believers can take a rather aggressive and bitter stand which is quite justified and natural. After reading this, if you point out shortcomings of religion in response, I’d definitely agree with you.
  
Altruism and Atheism - This is one of the biggest lie told by atheists. It is incessantly claimed by them that atheists are best at altruism. As an unbiased listener to all things, I must say such tall claims are made out of desperation. Being atheist isn’t just enough. You have to prove you are superior. In one instance, while enquiring into the validity of this claim, I was provided with the link of an online article written by Richard Dawkins. Though I posted a response to that article in my earlier blog, the important thing is to understand is

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Science Education and Entertainment Media in Indian Context



(This blog is, in a way, in continuation of my last blog titled “A perspective on Science Education in India : ISRO vs NASA Websites”)

Stephen Colbert, the host of enormously famous The Colbert Report, once presented a short spoof on Poincare Conjecture and Grigori Perelman. A common American would say, “I know who Stephen Colbert is. But Poincare Conjecture and Grigori Perelman*? I have simply no idea." He should be forgiven. After all Poincare Conjecture is no sci-fi movie and Perelman is no rock star. This was in year 2006. 

What was the motivation behind this spoof? The spoof on hitherto unknown Poincare Conjecture and Perelman was barely 5 minutes long but must’ve lingered on some people’s mind and yet some might have explored more about those. Little things matter. If these little things happen more regularly, their effect becomes significant especially when other efforts like ‘Futurama’ also contribute to the cause.

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A Perspective on Science Education in India : ISRO vs NASA Websites









I was in office and had plenty of time to kill. So I started browsing through internet randomly and stumbled upon the website of CERN. Two hours passed and I had still been mining through CERN website. Despite being involved in highest class research, their website is a treat for everyone.  May be you don’t understand anything about Higgs Boson. Or Big Bang Model. Or Particle Physics. They have something for everyone. Even a 13 year old student can learn almost everything (at least on basic level) about Universe. In fact, it is their aim to prepare content for every age group. Example in case: see this link.


The experience with CERN website was very stimulating. Every now and then, I occasionally visit this site just to refresh my mind. The experience with NASA website also remains the same. Their urge to share knowledge and efforts to popularize science can be seen on the very front page. If you happen to stumble upon their websites and give just five minutes, chances are that you are going to spend next one hour or more on their website. You’ll find yourself hooked. They have an entire colorful and playful section devoted to kids. In fact, their entire website offers so much content; you can become an expert of the field. One of the best features of NASA site is that you just don’t feel you are browsing through website of some government organization. Immediately after entering website, you find links to various educational resources such as NASA Images, NASA Multimedia, NASA for Educators, NASA for Students and numerous other links. You can actually feel they have taken great care about how their website should look and what it should be all about. They have tried to harness the power of the Internet.



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A Day with No Yesterday - Beginning of Time


 
But, after all, who knows, and who can say,
Whence it all came, and how creation happened?
The gods themselves are later than creation,
so who knows truly whence it has arisen?

-         - Nasadiya Sukta, Rigveda (1700-1100 BC)

There are fierce debates over existence of God going on all over internet. At occasions, I have myself got into these arguments and each time I wished I shouldn’t have. In these debates, there were topics which would keep coming up again and again. Big bang and beginning of time is one of such topics.

Time line of Universe
As for the topic regarding ‘Big Bang and Beginning of Time’, it is generally understood and accepted that big bang is the origin of current universe. In the development of this universe, big bang is the first ‘incident’ in itself and also the root cause of universe. Being first incident, obviously time is measured from this incident. Technically, in the context of our universe, there is no point saying that time has no beginning. In debate over existence of God, atheists take this notion of time rather too literally. (On the other hand, theist’s position is even more pathetic.)  While debating, they themselves don’t offer any rationale. Instead they cite numerous scientific resources. Their statements go like this, “But Hawking himself had said this.” Or like this, “But it is scientifically established that time has no beginning.”  Clearly, debating this way is merely being evasive and believing ‘literally’ what have been said in science literature. (Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts. - Feynman) Interestingly, at many occasions I’ve been told that big bang can be demonstrated. I don’t know what it really means. The thing is: big bang model answers as many questions as it asks.

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